import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets

class MutableByteString {
    private byte[] bytes
    private int length

    MutableByteString(byte... bytes) {
        setInternal(bytes)
    }

    int length() {
        return length
    }

    boolean isEmpty() {
        return length == 0
    }

    byte get(int index) {
        return bytes[check(index)]
    }

    void set(byte[] bytes) {
        setInternal(bytes)
    }

    void set(int index, byte b) {
        bytes[check(index)] = b
    }

    void append(byte b) {
        if (length >= bytes.length) {
            int len = 2 * bytes.length
            if (len < 0) {
                len = Integer.MAX_VALUE
            }
            bytes = Arrays.copyOf(bytes, len)
        }
        bytes[length] = b
        length++
    }

    MutableByteString substring(int from, int to) {
        return new MutableByteString(Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, from, to))
    }

    void replace(byte[] from, byte[] to) {
        ByteArrayOutputStream copy = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
        if (from.length == 0) {
            for (byte b : bytes) {
                copy.write(to, 0, to.length)
                copy.write(b)
            }
            copy.write(to, 0, to.length)
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                if (regionEqualsImpl(i, from)) {
                    copy.write(to, 0, to.length)
                    i += from.length - 1
                } else {
                    copy.write(bytes[i])
                }
            }
        }
        set(copy.toByteArray())
    }

    boolean regionEquals(int offset, MutableByteString other, int otherOffset, int len) {
        if (Math.max(offset, otherOffset) + len < 0) {
            return false
        }
        if (offset + len > length || otherOffset + len > other.length()) {
            return false
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (bytes[offset + i] != other.get(otherOffset + i)) {
                return false
            }
        }
        return true
    }

    String toHexString() {
        char[] hex = new char[2 * length]
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            hex[2 * i] = "0123456789abcdef".charAt(bytes[i] >> 4 & 0x0F)
            hex[2 * i + 1] = "0123456789abcdef".charAt(bytes[i] & 0x0F)
        }
        return new String(hex)
    }

    String toStringUtf8() {
        return new String(bytes, 0, length, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
    }

    private void setInternal(byte[] bytes) {
        this.bytes = bytes.clone()
        this.length = bytes.length
    }

    private boolean regionEqualsImpl(int offset, byte[] other) {
        int len = other.length
        if (offset < 0 || offset + len < 0)
            return false
        if (offset + len > length)
            return false
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (bytes[offset + i] != other[i])
                return false
        }
        return true
    }

    private int check(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= length)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(String.valueOf(index))
        return index
    }
}